The era of ignorance ( review of conventional way ) Paper has contributed to modern civilization as an useful communication tools. The rapid emerging of paper producion meant the development of modern civilization. Due to increasing communication, It effected to every social area remarkably. People enjoyed its benefits without discerning. As the pace of civilization development goes fast, people pursued more comfortable, easy, fast, convenient way. It costs lots of money. That's why people develop economy to get more comfortable life. Especially developing countries needed many human labor resource. It resulted in overpopulation. It was inevitable process to get more foods, more money, more land to live. Like this, all nations, regardless of the developed or developing countries, participated in this competant race willingly or unwillingly. It means the beginning of competitive society. When we look into this historical progress, paper industry definitely contributed to planet earth negatively and might be one of main source in global warming.
(cc) By fischx, carbon cycle cute diagram
How it works? Let's think about making a piece of paper, we have to cut tree to get paper pulp. It makes deforestation later. It results in soil erosion, biodiversity extinction, CO2 emission. When sunlight hits the surface of earth, the energy of 45% was absorbed in earth. The leftover energy still remains in the air as the pattern of carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbon, and water vapor. It accumulates exceedingly. Ultimate destination is global warming. It is the peak of bad cycle. After that, global warming results in melting ice and glacier. it effects to the sea level. It brings flooding just like tsunami and is heating the sea because no mirror effect(reflection effect) by glacier and sea absorbs 90% of sunlight. It means sea resources such as biodiversity break down. Also infrared radiation from surface reflects 12% of energy to outerspace and 88% of heat generates greenhouse effect. It also results in vaporizing effect. The result is same with Aral sea. Carbon cylce diagram figure in left shows how carbon dioxide works and circulates in the air, land, and sea.
To be frankly speaking, the development of mass communication by producing paper bought many benefits to our life, but it also brought considerable impact on our environment negatively when we enjoy these benefits. This is crisis by artificial development. People didn't realize about the fact that was relevant to environment problem. So I call this period the era of egnorance.
The era of realization and practice ( review of alterantive way )
People began to just realize the relationship of between environment and civilization. Without managing our nature well, without enjoying the blessing of civilization any more. People just awoke
(cc) by davidcoethica, silver linings
from the era of long ignorance about environment. The enthusiastical environmentalists, profit or non-profit orginizations, governments started to lead the significant movement for saving our planet earth. New creative program was adapted. It was recycling system. It has been great successful so far. It is clear evidence that recycling 1 ton of papers saves 17 mature tree, 7,000 gallon of water, 3.3 cublic yards of landfills, 2 barrels of oil, 4,100 kilowatt(per hour) of electricity(6 month amounts electricity for average American family). According to AF&PA's report, In 2006, more than 21.1 million tons of greenhouse emissions was avoided by recycling. AF&PA set the new goal to attain by 2012. It was the recovery rate of 60%. Based on these lots of evidences, the level of paper pollution considerably was improved by their efforts, but it still was insufficient to save our planet earth. Because every year the amount of CO2 emission is more increasing than decreasing by recycling and global environmenrtal situations goes to worse rapidly. Also many customers in this stage were still kind of reluctant to participate in recycling movement. All of activities about environmental issues was led by some orginization relevant to environment matters. Some company tried to do deceptive customer for their profit through sticking fake labe of "recycled". Many customer also still was indifference regarding to recycle. Such a this kind of customer's behavior needed to take more serious action for awakening their indifference and igrnorance about considering environmental impact. Customers used to the pattern of supplier-oriented economy. It means customers just follow supplier's policy without any doubt or reconsider. But supplier-oriented consumption pattern swifted to customer-oriented trend. It means, regardless of company's policy, customer can control markets. That's why customer is king. But peoples in this stage did not know totally and control them by utilizing their customer right. They endorsed their right to company. Modern management philosophy also pointed out company's ethic and social responsibility as well as their profit. It is natural that company should take a responsiblity and contribute to customer and environment because they can not survive without human and nature.
The era of responsibility and stewardship ( regarding futture way )
Now Customer realized the fact that they are charge in significant role as a steward for leading, protecting, managing, and saving our planet earth as well as they can choose paper products they want or refuse such products if environmental standard not meets. It is time customer as environmental steward have to lead this consumption trend in order to reduce the amount of CO2 emission and develop environmentally sound papers and new efficient technology by company. The 21st century recycling movement will be focus on more resource-conservative and minimal-impact system.
Then What is next steps for this focus?
Recycle and buy recycled products
1) Raw materials reduction for waste prevention must reconsider before customer purchase. Also customer must demand recycled paper with high postconsumer content. Then company will keep trying to develop and invest to take more social responsiblity. It is also good for environment.
2) Environmental labeling standard should specify the content of recovered listing and postconsumer on each label.
3) Federal agencies such as EPA should require to use virgin paper by TCF(Totally Chroline Free) and provide strong incentives to company that meet new standard sysytem.
4) All new paper mills should incoporate TCF technology, convert new standard system, dedicated to pulp tree-free and agricultural residue fibers and make lots of efforts to replace some wood-pulp in theit paper with tree-free and recycled contents.
5) Current distributors should stock tree-free and chlorine-free papers to use it more.
6) Coporations should commit to purchase tree-free paper each year willingly.
7) Federal and state tax system should be revised to support resource conservation, environmental quality, and sustainability, not resource depletion.
In 21st century, These serious action will be taken by each customer group.
But the futurist Willis Harmon said that "Business has become, in the last century, the most powerful institution on the planet. The dominant institution in any society needs to take responsibility for the whole. Every decision that is made, every action taken has to be viewed in the light of, in the context of, that kind of responsiblity. Business is the only mechanism on the planet today powerful enough to produce the changes necessary to reverse global environmental and social degradation. Doing that will depend inlarge part on the willingness of customers to change what they buy, how they buy, and from whom they buy their products and services." He pointed out customer's responsiblity to change and lead the 21st century. I totally agree with his perspective. The source of problem is human. More precisely speaking, human’s mind is the source of problem. Of course every person has the right to pursue easy way for their happy life. But if it is resulting in suicide oneself, can people still keep such a way of life? Of course nobody keep it. Then what can people do to solve problem? We have to change our attitude as a responsible steward because your choice is our future.
This site's fundamental philosophy is that paper purchaser's responsiblity and attitude are most important. So whenever buyer make a decision to buy a paper product, it needs to consider more deeply for bright environmental future before they buy it and after they bought it, it requests to use wisely with more responsiblity and duty. It means they consider as matters regarding how to make change our habits for future. For this goal, this organization are now developing detailed strategy, technique, technology and leadership.
I had this source from Conservatree (http://conservatree.org). This site provides lots of information to reasearcher such as insight regarding future environment, history of organization, their philosophy and vision, fruitful datas etc. Conservatree established their business as the paper distribution company in 1976-1997 historically, but now they are transfered to non- profit organization. They dedicated to convert paper markets to environmental papers. Now They are developing unique combination of paper industry experience and environmental leadership as well as advocate for ecologically sustainable paper markets. All of staff had lots of professional experience and career in this field. It means they have well-balanced idea about this issue. That's why I can trust the informations provided by them. Also this site was copyrighted in 1988-2009. I appreciates that this source will be helpful for my final project.
2. recycling
According to their report, In 2006, more than 21.1 million tons of greenhouse emissions was avoided by recycling. Recycling is great success stories. AF&PA has set a new goal to attain by 2012. It is to reach in the recovery rate of 60%. They have a hopeful prospects about attaining new goal by reusing renewable resource blocked carbon and helping reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
I had this source from AF&PA offical site (http://www.afandpa.org). This site gave to researcher the insight about changing our attitude, many helpful information. AF&PA was founded January 01 1993. Through long history, finally all of forest and paper-oriented industry was unified with one credible organization. Like this, AF&PA was reestablished. Now they participated in many activities enthusiastically such as intervening some conflicting cases, advising, and counseling etc. They try to meet international standard. Through this kind of activities, ultimately they are obtained honorable recognition as a reliable organization in this field. Also this site was copyrighted and updated in 2009. Based on this evidence, This source deserves to be selected as my helper of final project.
Possible sources
1. Earth911.com, earth911, http://earth911.com/paper/, 12/02/09
2. Conservatree, conservatree, http://conservatree.org/ 12/02/09
3. American Forest & Paper Association, recycling, http://www.afandpa.org/, 12/02/09
4. Our choice, Al Gore, 12/02/09
5. Making Connection, Kenneth J. Parkenham, Climate change: managing the global greenhous, 12/02/09
6. National Geographic, Recycling the big picture, Tom Zeller Jr.(National Geogrhpic staff), p.82-87, January 2008 edition, 21/02/09
@@@ Part II; Researching of Better way @@@
Mass Communication
Lee, Jin hyeong
@ Regarding Paper recycling by Earth 911
The 20century modern people had made a lot of efforts to recover paper as a reusable materials since paper was the main source of pollution. It definitely effected on our environment positively, although it was not perfect. Earth 911 led this movement. US EPA estimated about 33% of MSW (Municiple Solid Waste Stream) consisted
(CC) By Paper industry Association Council, Paper & Paperboard recovery rate
of paper and paper board products. That’s why we can assume paper is one of the most reusable materials as well as the first position of MSW. I agree recycling paper made much better our planet earth and environment than before. According to research, in case of measuring weight, we know paper recovery rate was larger than all glass, plastics, and aluminum combined. In left graph, we can confirm gradually increasing of paper recovery rate and amounts. So AF&PAC (American Forest & Paper Association) set the new goal to achieve 60% paper recovery rates by 2012. It will also intensify more economic validity and the degree of contribution to environment like package recovery chart below shows us paper & paperboard's proportion takes almost 80%.
(CC) By Paper Industry Association Council, Packaging recocvery
Like this, paper recycling is key component of solving paper pollution issues. Please see above video regarding how to recycle paper. We can see how to get recycled paper, although it is not equivalent of virgin paper, but degraded paper. It might be much better option than the disposal causing many pollutions.This strategy may be very ambitious plan, if we consider that paper recycling will generate direct and indirect economic and environmental benefits as I explained 5 reasons below. If this recycling policy stabilizes, we could predict to achieve over 60% of recycle rate in future. It means we can control pollution by paper in more sustainable level. It also impacts on other pollution area positively. Recycling paper has a lot of direct or indirect potential advantages as follow:
First, It is possible to preserve resources and energy. Second, it could prevent CO2 emission. Third, It could provide valuable raw materials. Fourth, It could create new job opportunities related with paper recycling.
Fifth, It could motivate the development of green-oriented technologies. It also could reduce landfill’s needs.
Like this, recycling has potential possibilities generating additional economic profits as well as reducing pollution by paper. If the sophisticated Startech Converter which can conversion of waste to energy can be used for paper recycling in future, I predict that pollution by paper-oriented mass communication will be far more reduced.
Recycling is key component of modern life since Plato started the idea of it in B.C 300 originally. That’s why we can find easily the term of “waste management” in our city. Waste
(cc) By Stannered, waste hierarchy
Management has a unique structure just like pyramid. Let see waste hierarchy figure. We can see 6 options to solve the waste. Disposal option resulted in conventioanl negative effects. So It was least favoured options. Recycling, reuse, and minimisation(reduce) options support prevention, most favoured option. The core idea of recycling is to maximize preventing waste when we use paper because it might contribute to reducing air, water, and land pollution by greenhouse gas emission, if we restrain to use fresh raw materials (include paper) and energy. This is the effective method of preventing of waste paper as follow: First, reproduce a fresh paper with original paper. Most of office paper can be reusable. Second, reuse original used paper before producing recycling paper (for example: cardboard). Third, maximize intrinsic value through salvage. According to this research, paper salvage has greater intrinsic value than different item's salvage in economic and environmental view. But we have to salvage different items either such as car battery lead, gold in computer, and mercury etc in order to protect our environment.
I found also many arguments about the effectiveness of recycling in this article. In economic perspective, critics presented very negative opinion, although they admitted the economic and environmental benefits, because the cost and energy of collection and transportation is larger than that saved in the production process. Also they think that sub-jobs such as logging, mining, and other industries associated with recycling is very small size. But they agreed with proponent’s opinion about paper pulp material
(cc) By safeenvironment, Keeping world safer and greener
industry. Ultimately critics insisted that the environmentalist's "confirmation bias" makes matters worse. It means kind of stereotype by proponent’s conventional confidence. This debating provides us for the balanced idea regarding this issue.
I think it is reasonable for both parties to support their opinion about paper recycling. Nevertheless, I strongly support conservative idea because I believe paper recycling will definitely bring more economic advantages than before and both sides strongly agreed about paper recycling, even though conservative opinion is not perfect because of confirmation bias. For pursuing this goal, It requests three fundamental principles such as reuse, reduce(minimisation), and recycle like right-side figure. It also requests to practice a lot about recycling. According to AF&PAC's report, 80% of American attended to paper recycling movement direct and indirectly in 2007.
1. Earth 911
In early 1970, US EPA had started the recycling plan associated with Government. Such a commitment brought the positive result such as 56% paper recycling rates(in 2007) statistically. Especially Earth 911 had pursued two great missions successfully such as the research for recycling of variety materials and the task of community propaganda for 18 years to achieve 3R's philosophy (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle). Now AF&PA(American Forest & Paper Association) planned that was accelerating to the level of 60% paper recovery rate by 2012. It'll be remarkable contribution to our environment and society. It'll create lots of direct or indirect advantages such as preserving resources and energy, preventing CO2 emission, providing valuable raw materials, creating new jobs, inventing biotechnology machine, and reducing land pollution.
This site is really helpful for my project because it contains everythings such as facts, information, statistic data, and better way etc.(http://earth911.com/paper/) This orginization was established in 18 years ago as private institutiion. The staffs of Earth 911 had professional careers in this field. So they had lots of experiences and technical knowhow as well as they are associated with EPA, Government, and Community. They awarded great prize from highly credible international organization. It is evidence that they was recognized by such a great public organization. That's why I can trust their mission and Philosophy regarding environmental matters.This is also new edition updated in 2009(@Copyright 2009). I think it is best sources for my project.
2. Recycling
Recycling is key component in modern life. This article gave me the fundamental understanding of what is recycling. Modern waste management has kind of waste structure such as reduce, reuse, and recycle. The best policy on recycling is to prevent waste, to reproduce, to reuse, and salvage. There are a lot of debating regarding this issue. Critics assume practical economic and environment effects is negative due to enormous costs for recycling and environmentalist makes bad situation because of their "confirmation bias" such as stereotype about the previous environmental idea, but only paper pulp materials have positive economic impacts. This subtle argument is still going on.
I have this source from wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling). It provides lots of information about recycling such as statistical datas, facts, charts, figures and updated idea etc. This is non-profit organization. It means they pursued public purpose(non money related) so far. That's why I trust their information related in any datas, statistic information, and basic facts. I can review also about lots of diverse ideas. It adjusts my ideas about paper recycling by maintaining the balance between critics and proponents. I love it. Its information is very crispy because this site was updated in October/18/09. I think it is so helpful to me.
Paper has been in charge of communication ever since its history started in 105 A.D, China. Industrial Revolution, took place in the late 18th century accelerated more the production of paper. It affected many countries. At that time the USA established the first paper mill in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. As mass media is expanding its area more and more. it gave a significant impact on the area of environment.
(CC) By Meursault 2004, Gelugu(coconut wood) in Klaten
When we evaluate of its result, It was a positive impact because it had been made a remarkable contribution to modern communication society. But here are lots of debating. Some environmentalist insist that it made deforestation due to cutting trees a lot. Another environmentalist support that it made reforestation because people planted more trees than before. I cannot judge any side due to not the expert of environmental problem. Neverthless, as mass communication system made a big progress, I believe in that now most of people also admit that it had definately been destroyed our valuable environment.
That's why the scope of my research should have the focus on that its main point is not about the deforestation by cutting trees, but about the pollution caused by the process of making paper .Mass communication produced the necessity of the unmeasurable paper and more paper mill. When I research the case of paper mill, I found out it caused a lot of environmental side effects. Paper mill consists of two kind of mills such as paper mill and pulp mill. We often think that two kind of mills could be operated in one factory. Sometimes a certain factory have the intergarated mill system, but most of factory were separated with two kind of mill systems, operating in different place.
(CC) By Pollinator, International Paper Company
Our environment such as air, water, and land was polluted by them. They took the position as the third largest industry polluter in USA. Actually the pollution by pulp mill is more serious than paper mill. The sources of pollution by pulp mill are primarily made by 1) the chlorine-based materials , 2) the sulfer-based commpounds , and 3) the mechanical pulp . When a mill process the bleaching of wood pulp, it is made by the kraft process and sulfite process. In the middle of this process, it uses chlorine . At that time, the plants added chlorine produced the tons of dioxins . It gave us a serious organic pollutant impact, thereby threatening our life. The water used for this process was also contaminated by the lignin and other organic materials. Sulfer was also used by the kraft and sulfite process. When it was used by Kraft process, sulfer produced the byproduct which was called as sulfer dioxide, the produced material when black liquor was burnt. When it was also used by sulfite process, the combustion of red liquor released sulfer dioxide . Acid rain was mainly produced by this sulfer dioxide. The most conventional way was to produce of wood pulp by grinding wood. We call this mechanical pulp . Newsprint, one of mass media mainly prefer this way to use. It had affected definately less chemical effects than two process way. Resin acids was the main source of pollution in the conventiona way.
As I research this, I realized that the paper pollution due to the develpoment of mass-media was very serious. I can predict It'll destroy our environment more than before with a highly negative impact. It'll cover the air, water, and land even our health. All of this was not made by natural development, but made by artificial development for our better life. Unfortunately it is fataly threatening to our environment and life.
What is mass-media? It means the sum of the public mass distributors such as book, newspaper, TV, radio, broadcasting, internet, computer etc. Its purpose is to reach a very huge audience by advertising and propaganda. Developing of variety communication channel brought the diversity of communication activities. These kind of activities needed many materials and resources to communicate each other. Especially paper was a basic tool of communication . Also paper was made of wood
(CC)By Jan van der Crabben, Brockhaus Lexikon
and the 90% of the paper pulp needed to make paper was made of wood. About 35% of the cut trees was used for making paper. It took the proportion of 1,2% in the whole world economic scale. It was really amazing result.
Now let's think about after used. What is next?
I want to approach this issue in the different perspective. My focus is the pollution happend in the process of disposing paper after used . If we understand the process of disposing, we'll be realize why this article is so helpful for this project, even though the title of topic looks like the project for next stage.
When we dispose it after used, we have to remove the used ink to make deinked pulp from the disposed paper. The most important process regarding deinking was to extract ink from fibers . See figure below. Pulping stage needed to add lots of water and chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, calcium chloride, and fatty acid etc. In cleaning and screening stage , it might contaminate recycled paper by wax coating, stickies, and soft rubbery particles. In deinking stage , The several processes such as the 1st and 2nd flotation repeated like below figure to remove hydrophobic contaminants such as printing ink and stickies. It also needed a lot of water to float and wash . In dispersing/bleaching stage , it needed to put a chemicals like chelants and hydrogen peroxide to make fiber brighter.
(CC) Dogears, Recycle-barge
As of this process about deinking, we can find the facts that it needed lots of water and chemical materials to bleach. It means that deinking process after used also made a negative contributions to fresh water due to mass media activities . The sludge lefted after processed generally was buried inlandfills . It means to contaminate a healthy soil . Sometimes the paper mill burnt it was supposed to create the replaced energy. But It also polluted fresh air .
As I researched this issue, I found out that the disposing process after used was still the source of the serious environmenal problems , even though the damage by disposing process was smaller than it by making process . But it still remains us a difficult mission for our valuable environment to be fresh and free from pollution.
Summary and evaluation sources(submited in 09/16/09)
Paper Pollution Major mass media such as newspaper, magazine, and book is made of paper. Also people need paper and paper related products in daily life. When we consider that its amount is enormous, the environmemtal impact by paper pollutions will be inevitale. It is estimated that almost 5 billion tons of paper and paperboard every year will be produced and 100 million kg of toxic pollution per year will be. Therefore we need the great efforts for our environment to be protected from the using the huge amount of resources.
I have this information from Wikipedia,( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_pollution ). I think it is a highly credible organization, even edited by unknown writer, because of the neutral position in public interest, also non-profitable and cited on the credible sources with writer name in sub-article. The content of article is the very recent one because it was updated on 10 August 2009 at 12:14. When I look into these information, this one give me the proper source regarding my research needed the facts and the detailed statistical data.
Paper recycling
we think that paper is conventionally the material for reading and writing. But mass communications has been changed such a traditional paradigm to the huge industry category, having the share of the paper use at 41% of all paper used. It means that paper have the 95% of business information on it. It's not exaggerated. When we consider of this situation, we can estimate that the paper materials for mass media cause a serious effect on the environment ( especilly landfill, energy, water, air etc.). Therefore our environment absolutely have to be protected by the way of recycling paper to reduce this impact.
This source give me a lot of information(facts, figure, detailed statistical data) regarding envirnomental pollution by mass media(especially making paper). This site( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_paper ) also have lots of useful site(with writer name) related with this topic. I think it is so helpful to my research because this is updated on 16 September 2009 at 15:13 and by a very highly credible organization(non-profit) and have a good content.
(Part I) Possible Resources (researched on 09/07/09)
@@@ Part III Researching for future way @@@
Mass Communication
Lee, Jin hyeongThe prospect of 21st century
The era of ignorance ( review of conventional way )
Paper has contributed to modern civilization as an useful communication tools. The rapid emerging of paper producion meant the development of modern civilization. Due to increasing communication, It effected to every social area remarkably. People enjoyed its benefits without discerning. As the pace of civilization development goes fast, people pursued more comfortable, easy, fast, convenient way. It costs lots of money. That's why people develop economy to get more comfortable life. Especially developing countries needed many human labor resource. It resulted in overpopulation. It was inevitable process to get more foods, more money, more land to live. Like this, all nations, regardless of the developed or developing countries, participated in this competant race willingly or unwillingly. It means the beginning of competitive society. When we look into this historical progress, paper industry definitely contributed to planet earth negatively and might be one of main source in global warming.
How it works? Let's think about making a piece of paper, we have to cut tree to get paper pulp. It makes deforestation later. It results in soil erosion, biodiversity extinction, CO2 emission. When sunlight hits the surface of earth, the energy of 45% was absorbed in earth. The leftover energy still remains in the air as the pattern of carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbon, and water vapor. It accumulates exceedingly. Ultimate destination is global warming. It is the peak of bad cycle. After that, global warming results in melting ice and glacier. it effects to the sea level. It brings flooding just like tsunami and is heating the sea because no mirror effect(reflection effect) by glacier and sea absorbs 90% of sunlight. It means sea resources such as biodiversity break down. Also infrared radiation from surface reflects 12% of energy to outerspace and 88% of heat generates greenhouse effect. It also results in vaporizing effect. The result is same with Aral sea. Carbon cylce diagram figure in left shows how carbon dioxide works and circulates in the air, land, and sea.
To be frankly speaking, the development of mass communication by producing paper bought many benefits to our life, but it also brought considerable impact on our environment negatively when we enjoy these benefits. This is crisis by artificial development. People didn't realize about the fact that was relevant to environment problem. So I call this period the era of egnorance.
The era of realization and practice ( review of alterantive way )
People began to just realize the relationship of between environment and civilization. Without managing our nature well, without enjoying the blessing of civilization any more. People just awoke
The era of responsibility and stewardship ( regarding futture way )
Now Customer realized the fact that they are charge in significant role as a steward for leading, protecting, managing, and saving our planet earth as well as they can choose paper products they want or refuse such products if environmental standard not meets. It is time customer as environmental steward have to lead this consumption trend in order to reduce the amount of CO2 emission and develop environmentally sound papers and new efficient technology by company. The 21st century recycling movement will be focus on more resource-conservative and minimal-impact system.
Then What is next steps for this focus?
1) Raw materials reduction for waste prevention must reconsider before customer purchase. Also customer must demand recycled paper with high postconsumer content. Then company will keep trying to develop and invest to take more social responsiblity. It is also good for environment.
2) Environmental labeling standard should specify the content of recovered listing and postconsumer on each label.
3) Federal agencies such as EPA should require to use virgin paper by TCF(Totally Chroline Free) and provide strong incentives to company that meet new standard sysytem.
4) All new paper mills should incoporate TCF technology, convert new standard system, dedicated to pulp tree-free and agricultural residue fibers and make lots of efforts to replace some wood-pulp in theit paper with tree-free and recycled contents.
5) Current distributors should stock tree-free and chlorine-free papers to use it more.
6) Coporations should commit to purchase tree-free paper each year willingly.
7) Federal and state tax system should be revised to support resource conservation, environmental quality, and sustainability, not resource depletion.
In 21st century, These serious action will be taken by each customer group.
But the futurist Willis Harmon said that "Business has become, in the last century, the most powerful institution on the planet. The dominant institution in any society needs to take responsibility for the whole. Every decision that is made, every action taken has to be viewed in the light of, in the context of, that kind of responsiblity. Business is the only mechanism on the planet today powerful enough to produce the changes necessary to reverse global environmental and social degradation. Doing that will depend inlarge part on the willingness of customers to change what they buy, how they buy, and from whom they buy their products and services." He pointed out customer's responsiblity to change and lead the 21st century. I totally agree with his perspective. The source of problem is human. More precisely speaking, human’s mind is the source of problem. Of course every person has the right to pursue easy way for their happy life. But if it is resulting in suicide oneself, can people still keep such a way of life? Of course nobody keep it. Then what can people do to solve problem? We have to change our attitude as a responsible steward because your choice is our future.
Sources used
Wikipedia, Carbon cycle cute diagram, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg, 12/02/09
Googles images, silver linings, http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://davidcoethica.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/recycle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://davidcoethica.wordpress.com/2009/04/&usg=__QVe3YfTPMqWESupEYEAUyi4PYAY=&h=360&w=480&sz=28&hl=en&start=21&um=1&tbnid=v6MdoFbq5IARaM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drecycle%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20%26um%3D1, 12/07/09
Google image, recycle and buy recycled product, http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.givinghand.org/images/recycle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.givinghand.org/&usg=__tsFs8PG2Xy5gA2XAK3f2XyhqeuA=&h=355&w=290&sz=18&hl=en&start=17&um=1&tbnid=TrjYD0zu4GI7OM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=99&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drecycle%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1, 12/07/09
Summary and evaluation sources
1. conservatree
This site's fundamental philosophy is that paper purchaser's responsiblity and attitude are most important. So whenever buyer make a decision to buy a paper product, it needs to consider more deeply for bright environmental future before they buy it and after they bought it, it requests to use wisely with more responsiblity and duty. It means they consider as matters regarding how to make change our habits for future. For this goal, this organization are now developing detailed strategy, technique, technology and leadership.
I had this source from Conservatree (http://conservatree.org). This site provides lots of information to reasearcher such as insight regarding future environment, history of organization, their philosophy and vision, fruitful datas etc. Conservatree established their business as the paper distribution company in 1976-1997 historically, but now they are transfered to non- profit organization. They dedicated to convert paper markets to environmental papers. Now They are developing unique combination of paper industry experience and environmental leadership as well as advocate for ecologically sustainable paper markets. All of staff had lots of professional experience and career in this field. It means they have well-balanced idea about this issue. That's why I can trust the informations provided by them. Also this site was copyrighted in 1988-2009. I appreciates that this source will be helpful for my final project.
2. recycling
According to their report, In 2006, more than 21.1 million tons of greenhouse emissions was avoided by recycling. Recycling is great success stories. AF&PA has set a new goal to attain by 2012. It is to reach in the recovery rate of 60%. They have a hopeful prospects about attaining new goal by reusing renewable resource blocked carbon and helping reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
I had this source from AF&PA offical site (http://www.afandpa.org). This site gave to researcher the insight about changing our attitude, many helpful information. AF&PA was founded January 01 1993. Through long history, finally all of forest and paper-oriented industry was unified with one credible organization. Like this, AF&PA was reestablished. Now they participated in many activities enthusiastically such as intervening some conflicting cases, advising, and counseling etc. They try to meet international standard. Through this kind of activities, ultimately they are obtained honorable recognition as a reliable organization in this field. Also this site was copyrighted and updated in 2009. Based on this evidence, This source deserves to be selected as my helper of final project.
Possible sources
1. Earth911.com, earth911, http://earth911.com/paper/, 12/02/092. Conservatree, conservatree, http://conservatree.org/ 12/02/09
3. American Forest & Paper Association, recycling, http://www.afandpa.org/, 12/02/09
4. Our choice, Al Gore, 12/02/09
5. Making Connection, Kenneth J. Parkenham, Climate change: managing the global greenhous, 12/02/09
6. National Geographic, Recycling the big picture, Tom Zeller Jr.(National Geogrhpic staff), p.82-87, January 2008 edition, 21/02/09
@@@ Part II; Researching of Better way @@@
Mass Communication
Lee, Jin hyeong@ Regarding Paper recycling by Earth 911
The 20century modern people had made a lot of efforts to recover paper as a reusable materials since paper was the main source of pollution. It definitely effected on our environment positively, although it was not perfect. Earth 911 led this movement. US EPA estimated about 33% of MSW (Municiple Solid Waste Stream) consisted
Like this, paper recycling is key component of solving paper pollution issues. Please see above video regarding how to recycle paper. We can see how to get recycled paper, although it is not equivalent of virgin paper, but degraded paper. It might be much better option than the disposal causing many pollutions.This strategy may be very ambitious plan, if we consider that paper recycling will generate direct and indirect economic and environmental benefits as I explained 5 reasons below. If this recycling policy stabilizes, we could predict to achieve over 60% of recycle rate in future. It means we can control pollution by paper in more sustainable level. It also impacts on other pollution area positively. Recycling paper has a lot of direct or indirect potential advantages as follow:
First, It is possible to preserve resources and energy. Second, it could prevent CO2 emission. Third, It could provide valuable raw materials. Fourth, It could create new job opportunities related with paper recycling.
Fifth, It could motivate the development of green-oriented technologies. It also could reduce landfill’s needs.
Like this, recycling has potential possibilities generating additional economic profits as well as reducing pollution by paper. If the sophisticated Startech Converter which can conversion of waste to energy can be used for paper recycling in future, I predict that pollution by paper-oriented mass communication will be far more reduced.
Source used
2007 Recovered Paper Annual Statistics, paperrecycles, http://paperrecycles.org/stat_pages/stat_intro.html , 11/08/09
2007 Recovered Paper Annual Statistics, paperrecycles, http://paperrecycles.org/stat_pages/packaging_recovery.html , 11/08/09
Earth911, Paper recycle video, http://earth911.com/paper/video-how-paper-gets-recycled/ , 10/31/09
@ Regarding the priciple of Recycling
Recycling is key component of modern life since Plato started the idea of it in B.C 300 originally. That’s why we can find easily the term of “waste management” in our city. Waste
I found also many arguments about the effectiveness of recycling in this article. In economic perspective, critics presented very negative opinion, although they admitted the economic and environmental benefits, because the cost and energy of collection and transportation is larger than that saved in the production process. Also they think that sub-jobs such as logging, mining, and other industries associated with recycling is very small size. But they agreed with proponent’s opinion about paper pulp material
I think it is reasonable for both parties to support their opinion about paper recycling. Nevertheless, I strongly support conservative idea because I believe paper recycling will definitely bring more economic advantages than before and both sides strongly agreed about paper recycling, even though conservative opinion is not perfect because of confirmation bias. For pursuing this goal, It requests three fundamental principles such as reuse, reduce(minimisation), and recycle like right-side figure. It also requests to practice a lot about recycling. According to AF&PAC's report, 80% of American attended to paper recycling movement direct and indirectly in 2007.
Source used
Waste hierachy, Stannered, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waste_hierarchy.svg , 10/30/09
recycle, safeenvironment, http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://saferenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/recycle.jpg&imgrefurl=http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/waste-reduction-and-raw-material-conservation-are-the-most-important-functions-in-waste-management-saves-environment-and-money/&usg=__NGA1uIhjY0YlXZjcSOt28G9nJiQ=&h=312&w=343&sz=11&hl=en&start=18&um=1&tbnid=rlbu7YZEAXfGiM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drecycle%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1, 10/30/09
Summary and Evaluation sources
1. Earth 911
In early 1970, US EPA had started the recycling plan associated with Government. Such a commitment brought the positive result such as 56% paper recycling rates(in 2007) statistically. Especially Earth 911 had pursued two great missions successfully such as the research for recycling of variety materials and the task of community propaganda for 18 years to achieve 3R's philosophy (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle). Now AF&PA(American Forest & Paper Association) planned that was accelerating to the level of 60% paper recovery rate by 2012. It'll be remarkable contribution to our environment and society. It'll create lots of direct or indirect advantages such as preserving resources and energy, preventing CO2 emission, providing valuable raw materials, creating new jobs, inventing biotechnology machine, and reducing land pollution.
This site is really helpful for my project because it contains everythings such as facts, information, statistic data, and better way etc.(http://earth911.com/paper/) This orginization was established in 18 years ago as private institutiion. The staffs of Earth 911 had professional careers in this field. So they had lots of experiences and technical knowhow as well as they are associated with EPA, Government, and Community. They awarded great prize from highly credible international organization. It is evidence that they was recognized by such a great public organization. That's why I can trust their mission and Philosophy regarding environmental matters.This is also new edition updated in 2009(@Copyright 2009). I think it is best sources for my project.
2. Recycling
Recycling is key component in modern life. This article gave me the fundamental understanding of what is recycling. Modern waste management has kind of waste structure such as reduce, reuse, and recycle. The best policy on recycling is to prevent waste, to reproduce, to reuse, and salvage. There are a lot of debating regarding this issue. Critics assume practical economic and environment effects is negative due to enormous costs for recycling and environmentalist makes bad situation because of their "confirmation bias" such as stereotype about the previous environmental idea, but only paper pulp materials have positive economic impacts. This subtle argument is still going on.
I have this source from wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling). It provides lots of information about recycling such as statistical datas, facts, charts, figures and updated idea etc. This is non-profit organization. It means they pursued public purpose(non money related) so far. That's why I trust their information related in any datas, statistic information, and basic facts. I can review also about lots of diverse ideas. It adjusts my ideas about paper recycling by maintaining the balance between critics and proponents. I love it. Its information is very crispy because this site was updated in October/18/09. I think it is so helpful to me.
Possible sources
1.Earth 911.com, earth 911, http://earth911.com/paper/ 10/20/09
2. US EPA, pollution prevention, http://www.epa.gov/region09/waste/p2/index.html 10/20/093. google image, http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=recycle&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ei=6TDeSo7PKYLotgOZttHRDw&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=4&ved=0CCcQsAQwAw 10/20/09
4. wikipedia, recycling, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling 10/20/09
5. Team treehugger, planet green, http://planetgreen.discovery.com/go-green/recycling/ 10/20/09
6. University of michigan, center for sustainable systems, http://www.css.snre.umich.edu/facts/factsheets.html , 10/20/09
7. National Geographic, Recycling the big picture, Tom Zeller, Jr.(National Geographic Staff), P.82-87, January 2008 edition
@@@ Part I : Researching of Conventional way @@@
Mass Communication
Lee, Jin hyeong@ Regarding paper pollution
Paper has been in charge of communication ever since its history started in 105 A.D, China. Industrial Revolution, took place in the late 18th century accelerated more the production of paper. It affected many countries. At that time the USA established the first paper mill in Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. As mass media is expanding its area more and more. it gave a significant impact on the area of environment.
When we evaluate of its result, It was a positive impact because it had been made a remarkable contribution to modern communication society. But here are lots of debating. Some environmentalist insist that it made deforestation due to cutting trees a lot. Another environmentalist support that it made reforestation because people planted more trees than before. I cannot judge any side due to not the expert of environmental problem. Neverthless, as mass communication system made a big progress, I believe in that now most of people also admit that it had definately been destroyed our valuable environment.
That's why the scope of my research should have the focus on that its main point is not about the deforestation by cutting trees, but about the pollution caused by the process of making paper .Mass communication produced the necessity of the unmeasurable paper and more paper mill. When I research the case of paper mill, I found out it caused a lot of environmental side effects. Paper mill consists of two kind of mills such as paper mill and pulp mill. We often think that two kind of mills could be operated in one factory. Sometimes a certain factory have the intergarated mill system, but most of factory were separated with two kind of mill systems, operating in different place.
Our environment such as air, water, and land was polluted by them. They took the position as the third largest industry polluter in USA. Actually the pollution by pulp mill is more serious than paper mill. The sources of pollution by pulp mill are primarily made by 1) the chlorine-based materials , 2) the sulfer-based commpounds , and 3) the mechanical pulp . When a mill process the bleaching of wood pulp, it is made by the kraft process and sulfite process. In the middle of this process, it uses chlorine . At that time, the plants added chlorine produced the tons of dioxins . It gave us a serious organic pollutant impact, thereby threatening our life. The water used for this process was also contaminated by the lignin and other organic materials. Sulfer was also used by the kraft and sulfite process. When it was used by Kraft process, sulfer produced the byproduct which was called as sulfer dioxide, the produced material when black liquor was burnt. When it was also used by sulfite process, the combustion of red liquor released sulfer dioxide . Acid rain was mainly produced by this sulfer dioxide. The most conventional way was to produce of wood pulp by grinding wood. We call this mechanical pulp . Newsprint, one of mass media mainly prefer this way to use. It had affected definately less chemical effects than two process way. Resin acids was the main source of pollution in the conventiona way.
As I research this, I realized that the paper pollution due to the develpoment of mass-media was very serious. I can predict It'll destroy our environment more than before with a highly negative impact. It'll cover the air, water, and land even our health. All of this was not made by natural development, but made by artificial development for our better life. Unfortunately it is fataly threatening to our environment and life.
Source used
Wikipedia, paper history, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_history , 09/21/09Wikipedia, paper mill, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_mill , 09/21/09
Wikipedia, wood, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood , 09/21/09
Wikipedia, paper pollution, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paper_pollution , 09/12/09
Gelugu in Klaten, Meursault 2004, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gelugu_(coconut_wood)_in_Klaten,_Java.jpg, 10/28/09
International paper, Pollinator, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InternationalPaper6413.jpg , 10/28/09
Contents of this page are licensed under a //Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 License//
@ Regarding Paper recycling
What is mass-media? It means the sum of the public mass distributors such as book, newspaper, TV, radio, broadcasting, internet, computer etc. Its purpose is to reach a very huge audience by advertising and propaganda. Developing of variety communication channel brought the diversity of communication activities. These kind of activities needed many materials and resources to communicate each other. Especially paper was a basic tool of communication . Also paper was made of wood
Now let's think about after used. What is next?
I want to approach this issue in the different perspective. My focus is the pollution happend in the process of disposing paper after used . If we understand the process of disposing, we'll be realize why this article is so helpful for this project, even though the title of topic looks like the project for next stage.
When we dispose it after used, we have to remove the used ink to make deinked pulp from the disposed paper. The most important process regarding deinking was to extract ink from fibers . See figure below. Pulping stage needed to add lots of water and chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, calcium chloride, and fatty acid etc. In cleaning and screening stage , it might contaminate recycled paper by wax coating, stickies, and soft rubbery particles. In deinking stage , The several processes such as the 1st and 2nd flotation repeated like below figure to remove hydrophobic contaminants such as printing ink and stickies. It also needed a lot of water to float and wash . In dispersing/bleaching stage , it needed to put a chemicals like chelants and hydrogen peroxide to make fiber brighter.
As I researched this issue, I found out that the disposing process after used was still the source of the serious environmenal problems , even though the damage by disposing process was smaller than it by making process . But it still remains us a difficult mission for our valuable environment to be fresh and free from pollution.
Source used
Wikipedia, Deinking, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinking , 09/23/09
Wikipedia, paper recycling, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_paper , 09/110/09
Wikipedia, mass media, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media , 09/12/09
Brockhaus Lexikon, Jan van der crabben, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brockhaus_Lexikon.jpg , 10/28/09
Recycle-barge, Dogears, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Recycle-barge.jpg , 10/28/09
Deinking, Mononomic, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deinking_(schematic_layout).svg , 10/28/09
Contents of this page are licensed under a //Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 License//
Summary and evaluation sources(submited in 09/16/09)
Paper Pollution
Major mass media such as newspaper, magazine, and book is made of paper. Also people need paper and paper related products in daily life. When we consider that its amount is enormous, the environmemtal impact by paper pollutions will be inevitale. It is estimated that almost 5 billion tons of paper and paperboard every year will be produced and 100 million kg of toxic pollution per year will be. Therefore we need the great efforts for our environment to be protected from the using the huge amount of resources.
I have this information from Wikipedia,( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_pollution ). I think it is a highly credible organization, even edited by unknown writer, because of the neutral position in public interest, also non-profitable and cited on the credible sources with writer name in sub-article. The content of article is the very recent one because it was updated on 10 August 2009 at 12:14. When I look into these information, this one give me the proper source regarding my research needed the facts and the detailed statistical data.
Paper recycling
we think that paper is conventionally the material for reading and writing. But mass communications has been changed such a traditional paradigm to the huge industry category, having the share of the paper use at 41% of all paper used. It means that paper have the 95% of business information on it. It's not exaggerated. When we consider of this situation, we can estimate that the paper materials for mass media cause a serious effect on the environment ( especilly landfill, energy, water, air etc.). Therefore our environment absolutely have to be protected by the way of recycling paper to reduce this impact.
This source give me a lot of information(facts, figure, detailed statistical data) regarding envirnomental pollution by mass media(especially making paper). This site( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_paper ) also have lots of useful site(with writer name) related with this topic. I think it is so helpful to my research because this is updated on 16 September 2009 at 15:13 and by a very highly credible organization(non-profit) and have a good content.
(Part I) Possible Resources (researched on 09/07/09)
1. ASKLEO&LUCY, Are newspapers a cleaner read online?, Lucy Siegle,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jan/20/features.ethicalliving7 , 09/07/09
2. New Scientist Tech, Old newspaper could be worth its weight in gold, Colin Barras,
Http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14269-old-newspaper-could-be-worth-its-weight-in-gold.html , 09/07/09
3. Wikipedia, paper recycling, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_paper , 09/110/09
4. Wikipedia, paper pollution, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_pollution ,
5. Wikipedia, mass media, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media ,
09/12/09
6.University of michigan, center for sustainable systems, http://www.css.snre.umich.edu/facts/factsheets.html ,
09/22/09
7. University of Michigan, US material use, cenetr for sustainable system, http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS05-18.pdf ,
09/23/09
8. Wikipedia, Deinking, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinking ,
09/23/09
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